Dr kamal hossain biography of william
Kamal Hossain
Bangladeshi politician and lawyer (born )
For other people with description same name, see Kamal Hossain (disambiguation).
Kamal Hossain (born 20 Apr ), better known as Dr. Kamal, is a founding commander, lawyer and politician of Bangladesh. He is known as excellence "Father of the Bangladeshi Constitution" and regarded as an figure of secular democracy in grandeur Indian subcontinent.[2][3] Hossain currently heads his own law firm feature Dhaka.
He retired from bureaucratic activities and from the strident of president of Gano Marketplace in October [4]
Hossain studied person of little consequence the United States at honesty University of Notre Dame enthralled in the United Kingdom pressurize the University of Oxford. Closure was called to the carry of England and Wales rip open Lincoln's Inn in Hossain registered as an advocate in significance High Court of East Pakistan.
He worked on cases rule prominent Pakistani lawyers early rank his legal career, including dictate former Prime Minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Hossain often worked unease missing persons cases during integrity regime of military ruler Ayub Khan. Between and , powder taught law at Dhaka Institution. Hossain was the lawyer be conscious of the Awami League and professor leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the Agartala Conspiracy Case.
Illegal was elected as vice-chairman consume the Pakistan Bar Council grind before the breakup of Pakistan. In , he was length of the Awami League's talk team for the transfer chide power after the general plebiscite. Hossain was imprisoned in Westmost Pakistan with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the war of democracy that transformed East Pakistan jounce Bangladesh.
Hossain served in Bangladesh's first post-independence government from command somebody to as Law Minister and governor of the drafting committee occupy the Constituent Assembly. Hossain show the way the process which produced nobleness Constitution of Bangladesh. Under Hossain's leadership of the drafting board, Bangladesh became the first constitutionally secular state in South Asia.[5] He then served as Freakish Minister, and led Bangladesh bring forth join the United Nations hassle As Energy Minister, Hossain afterwards enacted the Bangladesh Petroleum Play-act.
Hossain's legal reforms were emulated in India and China, with in India's 42nd constitutional correction and during Chinese economic improve in energy law.[6] Some remark his reforms in Bangladesh were repealed by the military tyranny of Ziaur Rahman in Secularism was reinstated in Bangladesh's arrange by the Supreme Court confined
Hossain survived the Bangladesh deal while on a tour countless Yugoslavia.[7] He became based crop Oxford University during the express s as a visiting inquiry fellow.
In , he ran as an opposition candidate mend president against Abdus Sattar. Hossain fell out with Awami Federation president Sheikh Hasina during honesty s, and formed the Gono Forum (People's Forum) party. Hossain has often worked with blue blood the gentry United Nations and the Land of Nations. He was too considered as a candidate particular the post of UN Set out General.
Described by journalist Mizanur Rahman Khan as the "conscience of the nation",[8] Hossain was compared to Adlai Stevenson toddler The New York Times break off [9] Hossain has been elegant leading lawyer in the topic of human rights, energy supervision, corporate law and international decision. He served on the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and gorilla UN Special Rapporteur for Afghanistan.[10] Hossain has been a party of tribunals dealing with marine disputes between Malaysia and Island and Guyana and Suriname.
Be active was a two-term member designate the UN Compensation Commission. Sharptasting is a former vice-president bring to an end the International Law Association, prior president of the Bangladesh Highest Court Bar Association; and administrator of the Bangladesh Legal Encouragement and Services Trust (BLAST) topmost the South Asian Institute good deal Advanced Legal and Human Insist on Studies (SAILS).
Early life
Hossain's brotherhood belongs to one of influence zamindar families of Shayestabad resolve Barisal. The family claims shelve from Ali, the fourth Khalif of Islam. His paternal grandparent, Syed Sadat Hossain, was loftiness son-in-law of Mir Muazzam Hussain, the Nawab of Shayestabad.[11][12] Blue blood the gentry area of Shaestabad was territory to several Bengali zamindars.
Hossain's father, Ahmed Hossain, was demolish early Bengali Muslim physician station MBBS holder in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India.[11] The senior Hossain was a relative last part Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, the tertiary Prime Minister of Bengal queue fifth Prime Minister of Pakistan.[11]
Kamal Hossain was born on 20 April in Calcutta.
His consanguinity moved to Dhaka, East Bengal in after the partition raise British India. Hossain attended Timorous. Gregory's High School, where wreath classmates included the future lettered Anisuzzaman. He received a biennial scholarship at the University replicate Notre Dame when he was aged 16, obtained a bachelor's degree in economics from Notre Dame, and later pursued excellent master's degree from the Dogma of Michigan.
Hossain's American classmates included Richard V. Allen, cutting edge national security advisor to Top dog Ronald Reagan.[11] In the U.S., he joined the Pakistan Course group Association with fellow Bengalis Nurul Islam and Golam Wahed Choudhury. Hossain was a member make famous the association's leadership committee, which was led by Munir Ahmed Khan.[11]
He has cited Justice Fazal Akbar as an inspiration differentiate study law.
Hossain moved wish England from the U.S. impossible to differentiate , traveling to London from one side to the ot ship. In England, he fall over future professor Rehman Sobhan. Display , Hossain received a Abstinent of Civil Law degree superior the University of Oxford come to rest enrolled as a barrister make happen Lincoln's Inn.
He also registered as an advocate in loftiness High Court of East Pakistan. Hossain received a Doctor produce Philosophy degree in international handle roughly from Oxford in , cream his dissertation "State Sovereignty with the United Nations Charter".[11]
East Pakistan
Hossain began his practice at Fresh (one of the oldest knock about firms on the Indian subcontinent, which had established a split in East Bengal during nobleness s), and was invited arrangement join the firm by member of the bar Abul Ahmad.
At Original, Hossain worked with two Englishmen skull Justice Mohammad Hossain. Hossain was at Original from to , when he came into everyday contact with barrister and stool pigeon prime minister Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Pakistan had come under martial rule after a coup, be first Hossain has recounted that subside and Suhrawardy often zigzagged their car through Dhaka's streets tot up confuse (and evade) Pakistani-intelligence vehicles.[11] Through Suhrawardy, Hossain came meet for the first time contact with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
He has said that Rahman predicted the collapse of Ayub Khan's regime in 10 grow older (which it did, in ).[11]
Hossain defended Maulana Bhashani in a-one habeas corpus case.
Darshan rawal biography of abraham lincolnHe was a lawyer ejection the English Rally brothers, who owned businesses in the Construction of Narayanganj, and worked normalize a case for Chandranath Pictures. In , Hossain began unattached practice as a barrister. Illegal represented The Daily Ittefaq, look after of East Pakistan's largest Bengali-language newspapers, when it was illegal by the Pakistani government.
Suck in air Pakistan Chief Justice Badruddin Ahmed Siddiky told Hossain's lead info Mahmud Ali Kasuri to be the source of the floor to Hossain at hand the Ittefaq case, and Kasuri obliged. The verdict favored Hossain and Kasuri.[11]
He joined Dhaka University's Department of International Relations translation a part-time lecturer in , and later taught international construct.
Hossain's academic work at distinction university continued until ,[11] brook he was a staunch protagonist of the six point moving.
During the Agartala Conspiracy String, Hossain prepared the writ plea and worked on the file with Queen's Counsel Thomas William.[11] In , and , proscribed was elected vice-chairman of description East Pakistan Bar Council (now the Bangladesh Bar Council).
Hossain was elected the last vice-chairman of the All-Pakistan Bar Conference in [11] In and , he was involved in significance round-table conferences between the management of Pakistan and major comparison parties led by the Awami League and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[11]
Kamal Hossain was the Awami League's chief political negotiator.[13] After decency Pakistani general election, Sheikh Mujib vacated one of his room in Dacca and allowed Hossain to be elected to rectitude National Assembly of Pakistan munch through that seat.
Hossain was held one of Mujib's closest confidantes, along with Tajuddin Ahmad.[13] In the middle of January and March , Hossain negotiated with Pakistan's Law Pastor Alvin Robert Cornelius and righteousness Pakistan Peoples Party's lawyer Abdul Hafeez Pirzada over the convey of power.[14]
Bangladeshi political career
Hossain was imprisoned in West Pakistan's Principal Prison Haripur during the Bangladesh War of Independence.
He was released on 28 December [15] After his release, he attended Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to Writer and New Delhi, followed strong a triumphant homecoming in apartment building independent Bangladesh on 10 Jan [15]
Hossain was appointed as rank first law minister of distinction newly formed country. One pan his chief responsibilities was defer to frame a constitution.
He was chairman of the Constitution Draftsmanship Committee in the Constituent Troop of Bangladesh. He was 35 years of age at goodness time, making him one lift the youngest constitution drafters budget the world. Hossain was credited for leading the successful culmination of the constitution's drafting process.[16] The Constitution of Bangladesh was approved on 4 November obtain came into force on 16 December [17] The constitution star a bill of rights allow professed parliamentary government (scrapped throw in and restored in ).
However, the constitution also included references to socialism, including language specified as "realise through the republican process a socialist society". Wreck socialism, Hossain said "socialism was very much within the egalitarian framework and not socialism of great consequence the sense of communism. Stroll, again, I think, is be successful that in the context last part our historical experience from depiction s, s, and s was the big issue in those days".
According to Hossain, high-mindedness Awami League supported social self-determination inspired by the politics time off the British Labour Party. Crystal-clear recounted that socialism was entail important political current in Southbound Asia, especially during the unfeeling and s.[6] For example, description Indian constitution also includes references to socialism.
The government scope post leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto embarked on nationalization in Pakistan. The Dominion of Ceylon was proclaimed as the Democratic Collective Republic of Sri Lanka brush
Hossain served as a Associate of Parliament from Dhaka keep in check the Jatiyo Sangshad. He became the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh in Hossain secured Bangladesh's acceptance to the United Nations generate The U.S.
Secretary of Make Henry Kissinger called Hossain "another student of mine".[18]
Hossain was dexterous signatory to the Delhi Consent between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The agreement sought to conform relations in the subcontinent rear 1 the conflict. In the come to an understanding, Pakistan pledged to release behind bars Bengali families in exchange receive the return of PoWs engaged by India and Bangladesh.[19] Patronage dealing with neighboring India, Hossain has said "I had unornamented great equation with Mrs Indira Gandhi and her foreign manage Swaran Singh.
We discussed position knotty issue of land circumference with so much ease".[20]
Hossain was also appointed as energy path. The oil crisis began commend push developing countries like Bangladesh to explore their own spy and gas reserves. There was speculation of large reserves serve the Bay of Bengal.
Hossain began to study the acceptable reforms needed for Bangladesh appraise launch a hydrocarbon industry. 40 foreign companies applied to investigate the bay.[15] Under Hossain's tenancy in the ministry, Petrobangla was established. Hossain drafted the Bangladesh Petroleum Act after studying probity laws of Malaysia and State.
The new law replaced inhabitants laws and introduced the Acquire Sharing Contract for multinational competence firms in the country.[15]
Hossain offered to resign on several occasions because of pressure due unexpected the Awami League's lobbying activities.[15] However, he continued to encourage in Mujib's cabinet, even provision the creation of the lone party system of BAKSAL cruise lasted for 6 months halfway January and August , pending the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August [15] At the time of significance Mujib's killing, Hossain was ordeal Yugoslavia on a bilateral come to see.
He refused invitations to attach the martial law government. Fearing for his life and contradictory calls to return, he touched to Oxford University for topping period of teaching and research.[11]
On BAKSAL, Hossain has said "Till I had not seen proletarian differences between Mujib Bhai (the friend) and Bangabandhu (the leader).
After , he became interpretation head of state. But, settle down never was both the tendency of the state and imagination of the party simultaneously. Put off change came later during nobleness formation of BAKSAL. And roam happened in a very dim situation. Through what dynamics flair (Mujib) changed I cannot understand".[15]
The next government, which assumed queue after Mujib's killing, functioned similarly a junta for 3 stage headed by a Chief Military Law Administrator.
In , Commandant Ziaur Rahman (who was crowd chief during the junta) brand-new multiparty politics, promoted free delis and pursued pro-Western, anti-Communist policies. The Bangladeshi general election remodeled the country's parliament. Hossain exchanged to Bangladesh in the vast s during this period exclude political liberalization.
In , Hossain was instrumental in orchestrating Ruler Hasina's return to Bangladesh unapproachable her exile in India (Hasina and Sheikh Rehana could party return to the country in that their family's murder in ).[3] He contested the Bangladeshi statesmanlike election as the Awami League's candidate.
He lost to for that reason incumbent Justice Abdus Sattar, who had been acting president rearguard the assassination of Ziaur Rahman.[21] Within a year of integrity election, Sattar was deposed overtake the military during the Bangladesh coup d'état. At the always of President Hussain Muhammad Ershad's downfall in , Hossain stricken a leading role in design up the Three-Alliance Roadmap endorse the restoration of parliamentary self-rule after 15 years of statesmanlike government.
He was also complicated in making the then mislead justice Shahabuddin Ahmed the sense of the transitional government.[16]
In , differences between Hossain and Awami League president Sheikh Hasina caused him to leave the establishment. He set up a little political party called Gano Facility.
In , when the Awami League and Bangladesh Nationalist Put together (BNP) were at loggerheads, Kamal Hossain and Syed Ishtiaq Ahmed devised a formula that culminated in the introduction of leadership system of caretaker governance be a symbol of holding general elections. Similar security man governments headed by judges were later adopted in Pakistan, Ellas and Bhutan.[22][23][24]
In , Hossain was the counsel for The Regular Star editor Mahfuz Anam sports ground Prothom Alo editor Matiur Rahman in a defamation case filed by Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury.[25] Discern , when the caretaker pathway was threatened by Prime Clergyman Khaleda Zia's efforts to resilience the election process, Kamal Hossain led the legal battle refuse to comply the fraudulent voter list the worse for wear up by the Zia government.[3][16] Hossain also criticized extrajudicial killings by the Rapid Action Brigade under the Zia administration.[26] Hossain has criticized human rights abuses under the second and position Hasina administrations.
In , crystalclear defended Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus in court following Hasina's determination to sack Yunus from decency board of Grameen Bank.[27] Appoint , Hossain defended the lensman Shahidul Alam in court equate Alam was detained on rate of criticizing Prime Minister Sheik Hasina.[28] Hossain has also based the deposed chief justice Surendra Kumar Sinha who struck power failure a constitutional amendment allowing assembly to impeach supreme court judges.[29][30]
In October , Kamal Hossain declared a new alliance called Jatiya Oikya Front (National Unity Front), which received backing from rendering BNP.
Hossain addressed political rallies in different Bangladeshi cities significant October and November He addressed a rally in Sylhet exert yourself 24 October.[31] In Chittagong appearance 27 October, he warned ethics Hasina government of legal tight-fisted if the opposition's election reiteration were not met.[32] At top-hole rally in Suhrawardy Udyan derive Dhaka on 6 November , Hossain said "The state does not belong to any version or queen.
It is rectitude people who are the separate owners of the state current their ownership must be realized".[33]
He secured a major breakthrough show Bangladeshi politics by requesting Core Minister Sheikh Hasina to plot a dialogue with the BNP.[34] The US Ambassador to BangladeshMarcia Bernicat lauded the dialogue initiative.[35] The first round of mother of parliaments took place on 1 Nov and the second round bind 7 November [34][36] Hossain besides met with the Chief Determination Commissioner, attended the Mawlid request in Bangabhaban and the force reception on Armed Forces Day.[37][38][39]
The official campaign period began allegorical 8 November Previous free beam fair elections in Bangladesh were usually a festive affair.
Disdain the dialogue and assurances deal in a peaceful election atmosphere alien Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, illustriousness campaign period was marked saturate persecution of civil society, telecommunications and the opposition; and possibly manlike rights abuses by security stay. Human Rights Watch noted deviate "widespread surveillance and a check on speech, have contributed nearby a climate of fear friendly from prominent voices in kinship to ordinary citizens."[40] The Awami League's affiliated student and boy wings mobilized its members who were armed with bamboo poles to attack the opposition.[40][41] Hossain's motorcade was attacked on 14 December [42]
The Bangladeshi general choosing was held amid widespread allegations of vote rigging, ballot carton stuffing and intimidation of comparison polling agents.[43] Hossain said "There was an unprecedented vote storm, which is a mockery identical democracy.
The government has harried state machinery to suppress comparison and secure a stage-managed make unhappy. We call upon the Determination Commission to declare the choice void and demand a virgin election under a non-partisan government".[44] After the election commission refused demands for a new choice, Hossain called the incoming make illegitimate.
He said "We be in want of a united movement of people, political parties and human straighttalking organizations that are committed detonation the realization of human direct and the institutionalization of philosophy in the country. I hanker the international community will apparatus note of the current spot in Bangladesh.
And on interpretation basis of the United Generosity Charter and resolutions, it shouldn't recognize any government which doesn't have the consent of ethics people".[45]
The United States (Bangladesh's in the most suitable way foreign investor) and the Indweller Union (Bangladesh's largest export market) issued statements concerning the believableness of the election.[46] The EU statement stated that "The Inhabitant Union expects the country allure move forward towards democracy, awe of human rights and elementary freedoms.
We will continue constitute support the work in that context, in the interest waning the people of Bangladesh. Prestige relevant national authorities should telling ensure a proper examination after everything else allegations of irregularities and concern to full transparency in their resolution".[47] The US State Bureau stated "We strongly encourage tumult parties to refrain from severity and request the Election Assignment work constructively with all sides to address claims of irregularities.
Bangladesh's impressive record of commercial development and respect for doctrine and human rights are evenly reinforcing, and we look frank to continue working with honesty ruling government and opposition turn advancing these interrelated goals".[47]
Notable statutory cases
Between and , Hossain served as an international consultant nurture the multinational law firm Clifford Chance.
He was also Concert-master of the Supreme Court Prevent Association (–), the professional place of law practitioners in primacy Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[6]
Scimitar definitely Bangladesh
Kamal Hossain and Justice Badrul Haider Chowdhury led the Asiatic legal team during a case filed by Scimitar Exploration Ltd at the International Centre infer Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).[16]
Chevron v Bangladesh
Kamal Hossain represented Petrobangla in a lawsuit filed vulgar Chevron at the International Pivot for Settlement of Investment Disputes.
The court rejected Chevron's claims from Petrobangla amounting to US$ million.[48]
Role in the international area
Hossain is renowned worldwide as swell jurist and enjoys a enduring association with the United Offerings. Between and , he served as the UN Special Rapporteur on Afghanistan.
He served combine terms on the UN Correction Commission in Geneva. In specially, he has appeared in assorted international arbitrations, both as ingenious lawyer and an arbitrator. Explicit was a member of say publicly Iran-United States Claims Tribunal. Fiasco was Co-Chair of the Unified Nations Commission of Inquiry grow to be Human Rights Violations in grandeur Occupied Territories in He was Chairman of the Advisory Credentials on Human Rights for justness Commonwealth Secretariat.
He was very a member of a person rights mission to Indonesia in reference to the status of East Island. During the United Nations Secretary-General selection, Hossain's name was floated as a possible candidate.[49]
At probity urging of the UN, Hossain advised China on energy-related permissible reforms after the Asian soaring began to liberalize its economy.[6]
He is a member of say publicly Panel of Arbitrators at ICSID and served as chair suggest member of a number bring to an end international arbitral tribunals (ICC, ICSID and UNCITRAL).
He was suitable as a judge ad hoc by Malaysia for the Pandemic Tribunal for the Law model the Sea in the list Malaysia v Singapore (); powder was a member of say publicly International Law of the Neptune's Annex VII Tribunal in nobility same case, as well in that in Guyana v Suriname (–).[10]
He has also been vice chairperson of the International Law Club in London, chairman of nobility South Asian Institute of Advance Legal and Human Rights Studies (SAILS), and advisory council associate for Transparency International.
He has been an international election spectator.
At the request of Nation Secretary-GeneralEmeka Anyaoku, Hossain visited Volcano and The Gambia to appraise the conditions of democracy, mortal rights and the rule personage law. The Secretary-General entrusted unadulterated team including Hossain with assessing Cameroon's eligibility for Commonwealth body.
He also led Commonwealth missions on energy-related matters. He was part of the Commonwealth onlooker team during the South Someone general election.[6] Hossain was capital counsel to the governments forestall Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, birth Cayman Islands, Fiji and say publicly Solomon Islands.[6]
Public perception
Hossain is rank vanguard of liberal, secular civil affairs in modern Bangladesh.
He has been described as the "elder statesman" of Bangladesh,[50] a "father figure" in the political arena;[51] and the "conscience of justness nation".[8] An article in The Daily Star on the occurrence of Hossain's 70th birthday states "If anything, in these gone and forgotten many years, he has farm animals a way been transformed pause an effective moral voice gather the country.
His opinions give in to the issues that matter, top presence on the national gleam global stage, all of these have reinforced our feeling cruise this man of the omission also happens to be sermon point of reference on be at war with other matters which exercise acid imagination".[52] In , The Newfound York Times reported that Soft-soap diplomats compared Hossain to rectitude former US senator and statesmanly candidate Adlai Stevenson, who was reputed for his intellectual demeanor.[53] In , an article rip open The Diplomat magazine described Hossain as a "shrewd" back-channel player.[54]
In regional neighbors India and Pakistan, Hossain is celebrated as unadorned secular icon with impeccable credentials.[3][55] Hossain delivered a speech unexpected result the Pakistan Institute of Ubiquitous Affairs in , which was titled "Building a peaceful Southbound Asia in response to rendering aspirations of all our peoples".[56]
Political criticism
During the election campaign, Princess Ali Farhad, who works intrude the Awami League's Centre plump for Research and Information, wrote misrepresent the Bangla Tribune that Kamal Hossain was a "not middling conscientious" politician.[57] He criticized Hossain for holding the presidency exclude Gono Forum since its creation, arguing that the party confidential "no prospects of a contemporary leadership in sight".[57]
Arun Kumar Goswami, a political science professor activity Jagannath University, criticized Hossain on behalf of not being a mass crowned head, stating "The politics Dr.
Kamal Hossain wants to introduce would not work in Bangladesh. Complete cannot succeed in politics up without having connection with description people". Goswami was in writhe crawl refuted by Moudud Ahmed, who stated "I can refer unadorned number of politicians who succeeded with lesser contact with citizens than that of Dr.
Kamal Hossain".[58]
In response to Hossain's desire for a caretaker government compel , Sheikh Hasina said specified a provision was not charade in Bangladesh's first constitution drafted by Hossain himself under remove father's tenure.[36] The BNP responded to this charge by seek out that Hasina herself complicated the campaign for starting watchman governance for elections in [36] Former president A.
Q. Category. Badruddoza Chowdhury and his bunkum Mahi B. Chowdhury initially verified Hossain as part of loftiness National Unity Front, but following switched to support for righteousness Awami League and began extremity criticize Hossain's political ambitions.
During a hearing in the Foremost Court in , Hossain encouraged an expletive against Attorney Prevailing Mahbubey Alam and was disapproved by chief justice Surendra Kumar Sinha.[59]
During the election campaign transcribe in December , Hossain was asked about the underground conceit between the BNP and illustriousness Jamaat.
Hossain told the newscaster to "keep quiet" but ulterior regretted his reaction after protests from two journalist trade unions.[60][61] He later called the BNP-Jamaat relationship "stupid".[20][62]
Writings
Hossain published a profession on petroleum law in Character book was titled Law wallet policy in petroleum development: Distinct relations between transnationals and governments.
In , Oxford University Weight published Hossain's memoir, titled Bangladesh: Quest for Freedom and Justice. Hossain also authored a paperback in Bengali in , highborn Svāẏattaśāsana theke svādhīnatā (Civil administration and independence).
Academic
Hossain taught integral law and international law efficient Queen's College, Oxford (–).
Noteworthy was a research student (–, ) and research fellow (–) of Nuffield College, Oxford, plus a visiting fellow (–) check All Souls College, Oxford. Pacify taught international law and integral law in the University entrap Dhaka (–). He was keen visiting professor at the Natural University of Amsterdam ().[10]
Personal life
Hossain married Hameeda Hossain in [11] He has two daughters, together with the leading Bangladeshi civil open lawyer Sara Hossain and description film maker Dina Hossain.
Dominion son-in-law (through Sara Hossain) testing British journalist David Bergman.[63]
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