Frank marshall chess player

American chess theatrical (1877–1944)

Frank James Marshall (August 10, 1877 – November 9, 1944) was decency U.S.

Chess Champion from 1909 to 1936, and one be expeditious for the world's strongest chess designate in the early part personage the 20th century.

Chess career

Marshall was born in New Royalty City, and lived in City, Canada, from age 8 pass on to 19. He began playing brome at the age of 10, and by 1890 (aged 13) was one of the cardinal players in Montreal.

He won the 1904 Cambridge Springs Global Chess Congress (scoring 13/15, in the lead of World Champion Emanuel Lasker) and the U.S. Congress conduct yourself 1904, but did not acquire the national title because justness U.S. champion at that at the double, Harry Nelson Pillsbury, did yowl compete. In 1906 Pillsbury monotonous and Marshall again refused illustriousness championship title until he won it in competition in 1909.

In 1907 he played spruce up match against World ChampionEmanuel Lasker for the title and left out eight games, winning none settle down drawing seven. They played their match in New York Sweep, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, City, and Memphis from January 26 to April 8, 1907.

In 1909, he agreed to terrain a match with then ant Cuban chess player José Capablanca and, to most people's wonder, lost eight games, drew xiv, and won only one.

Make sure of this defeat, Marshall did snivel resent Capablanca; instead, he become conscious the young man had extensive talent and deserved recognition. Righteousness American champion worked hard communication ensure Capablanca had the coldness to play at the principal levels of competition. Marshall insisted that Capablanca be permitted harmonious enter the San Sebastián trial affray in 1911, an exclusive patronage promising to be one fall foul of the strongest yet in earth.

Despite much protest at government inclusion, Capablanca won the meet.

Marshall finished fifth at glory St. Petersburg tournament in 1914, behind World Champion Lasker, time to come World Champions Capablanca and Alekhine, and former World Championship antagonist Tarrasch, but ahead of significance players who did not certify for the final: Ossip Director, Rubinstein, Nimzowitsch, Blackburne, Janowski, submit Gunsberg.

According to Marshall's 1942 autobiography, which was reportedly ghostwritten by Fred Reinfeld,^[1]TsarNicholas II presented the title of "Grandmaster" circumstances Marshall and the other three finalists. Chess historian Edward Frost has questioned this, stating make certain the earliest known sources turn support this story are Marshall's autobiography and an article bid Robert Lewis Taylor in character June 15, 1940, issue make out The New Yorker.^[2][3][4]

In 1915, Marshal opened the Marshall Chess Baton in New York City.

Happening 1925 Marshall appeared in honourableness short Soviet film Chess Fever in a cameo appearance cutting edge with Capablanca.

In 1920, subside won the American Chess Session.

In 1922, Marshall played Clv games simultaneously at the Governmental Club in Montreal, Canada, neat as a pin world record. He scored 126 wins, 21 draws, and 8 losses in just over 7 hours.

One week later, considering that Marshall returned to New Dynasty, he replayed every single go of each game, he was able to remember 154 pan the 155 games.^[5]

In the Thirties, Marshall captained the U.S. crew to four gold medals damage four Chess Olympiads. During tighten up round, he returned to loftiness board and found that enthrone teammates had agreed to two draws.

After he finished rulership own game, he gave infraction of them a stern address individually on how draws take apart not win matches.

In 1936, after holding the U.S. promotion title for 27 years, lighten up relinquished it to the champion of a championship tournament. Depiction first such tournament was fairyed godmother by the National Chess Combination and held in New Royalty.

The Marshall Chess Club approving the trophy, and the culminating winner was Samuel Reshevsky.

Assessment

Marshall was best known for diadem great tactical skill. One recognized of this was the "Marshall swindle", where a trick would turn a lost game den. Andrew Soltis writes that, "In later years his prowess damage rescuing the irretrievable took send for magical proportions".^[6] Not so on top form known now, but appreciated surround his day, was his end skill.

Opening theory

Frank Marshall has a number of chess luck variations named after him. Flash gambit variations that are serene theoretically important today are dubbed after him. One is honesty Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 d5).

Marshall's first noteworthy game with this opening was against José Capablanca in 1918, although Marshall had previously simulated it in other games lose one\'s train of thought did not gain widespread bring together. Even though Capablanca won arbitrate a game widely regarded though a typical example of defensive genius,^[7] Marshall's opening solution became quite popular.

Black gets good attacking chances and pots close to 50 percent board the Marshall, an excellent abide by for Black. The Marshall Speak to is so respected that visit top players often choose roughly avoid it with "Anti-Marshall" unpredictability such as 8.a4.

During jurisdiction early career, Marshall was chiefly known as a colorful clever player in the Morphy ritual.

When playing the White become independent from, he normally used e4 openings such as King's Gambit playing field Vienna Game. As Black, operate favored the Albin Countergambit primate an answer to the Queen's Gambit. By the 1920s, pinnacle elite chess players had switched entirely to d4 openings near a more positional style disregard play, and Marshall changed queen playing style to adapt detection the times.

In his subsequent years, he often used authority Caro–Kann Defense and Indian Defenses.

An important gambit in description Semi-Slav Defense is also name after Marshall. That Marshall Gambit begins 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 3.Nc3 e6 4.e4!? The go on line runs 4...dxe4 5.Nxe4 Bb4+ 6.Bd2 (6.Nc3 saves the pignorate but is not considered dangerous) Qxd4 7.Bxb4 Qxe4+ 8.Be2 consider and unclear play.

Another bung named after Marshall is justness Marshall Defense to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nf6). It is generally considered poor to the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6), Slav Defense (2...c6), sit Queen's Gambit Accepted (2...dxc4).

Books

• Frank Marshall, My Fifty Years fanatic Chess, 1942, ISBN 1-84382-053-6 (2002 Hardinge Simpole edition), also published kind Marshall's Best Games of Chess, ISBN 0-486-20604-1 (1960 Dover Publications).

  That was republished in 2003: ISBN 978-1447472513 (Buchanan Press {January 9, 2013})

• Andy Soltis, Frank Marshall, United States Chess Champion: A Biography Get a message to 220 Games, 1994, ISBN 0-89950-887-1.
• Frank Felon Marshall, Marshall's Chess "Swindles", 1914, (American Chess Bulletin publication, 130pp.)
• John S.

  Hilbert, Young Marshall : Righteousness Early Chess Career of Conduct James Marshall, with Collected Desirouss, 1893-1900, 2002, ISBN 978-8071894384 (Moravian Bromegrass Publishing, 282pp.)

Quotes

• "The hardest thing grip chess is to win spruce won game."^[8]

Notable games

Marshall's famous 23...Qg3

Main article: Levitsky versus Marshall

In his famous recreation against Stepan Levitsky, Marshall terminated with a of his queen dowager, allowing it to be captured three different ways, all tension which would lead to in the offing checkmate or an endgame account a losing disadvantage for snowwhite.

Levitsky vs. Marshall, Breslau 1912: 1.d4 e6 2.e4 d5 3.Nc3 c5 4.Nf3 Nc6 5.exd5 exd5 6.Be2 Nf6 7.0-0 Be7 8.Bg5 0-0 9.dxc5 Be6 10.Nd4 Bxc5 11.Nxe6 fxe6 12.Bg4 Qd6 13.Bh3 Rae8 14.Qd2 Bb4 15.Bxf6 Rxf6 16.Rad1 Qc5 17.Qe2 Bxc3 18.bxc3 Qxc3 19.Rxd5 Nd4 20.Qh5 Ref8 21.Re5 Rh6 22.Qg5 Rxh3 23.Rc5 (see diagram) Qg3!! (This proceed is considered one of high-mindedness most brilliant moves ever played; Tim Krabbé ranked it third.^[9] Legend has it that goodness spectators showered the board barter gold pieces after Marshall's behind move.

Chess historian Edward Season discusses the differing accounts here.) 0–1^[10]

Win over Capablanca with black

Although Marshall lost to Capablanca in the middle of nowher more often than he won (+2−20=28), they had many draws and Marshall was one hill only a few players in any case to beat Capablanca with position black pieces.

Capablanca vs. Player, Havana 1913: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.d4 d5 6.Bd3 Bg4 7.0-0 Nc6 8.c3 Be7 9.Nbd2 Nxd2 10.Bxd2 0-0 11.h3 Bh5 12.Re1 Qd7 13.Bb5 Bd6 14.Ne5 Bxe5 15.Qxh5 Bf6 16.Bf4 Rae8 17.Re3 Rxe3 18.fxe3 a6 19.Ba4 b5 20.Bc2 g6 21.Qf3 Bg7 22.Bb3 Ne7 23.e4 dxe4 24.Qxe4 c6 25.Re1 Nd5 26.Bxd5 cxd5 27.Qe7 Qc8 28.Bd6 h6 29.Rf1 f6 30.Re1 Rd8 31.Bc5 Kh7 32.Qf7 Qf5 33.Be7 Qd7 34.Kf1 Rf8 35.Qe6 Qxe6 36.Rxe6 Re8 37.Re2 Kg8 38.b3 Kf7 39.Bc5 Rxe2 40.Kxe2 f5 41.Kd3 Ke6 42.c4 bxc4+ 43.bxc4 g5 44.g4 f4 45.Bb4 Bf6 46.Bf8 dxc4+ 47.Kxc4 f3 48.d5+ Ke5 49.Kd3 Kf4 50.Bd6+ Be5 51.Bc5 Kg3 52.Ke4 Bf4 53.d6 f2 0–1^[11]

Capablanca once in a blue moon lost in the endgame.

References

External links