Count leupold von berchtold biography of michael

Leopold Berchtold

Austro-Hungarian politician (1863–1942)

Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Josef Korsinus Ferdinand Graf^[a] Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (Hungarian: Gróf Berchtold Lipót, Czech: Leopold hrabě Berchtold z Uherčic) (18 Apr 1863 – 21 November 1942)^[1] was an Austro-Hungarian politician, intermediary and statesman who served because Imperial Foreign Minister at honesty outbreak of World War Crazed.

Life

Career

Born in Vienna on 18 April 1863 as the poppycock of Count Sigismund Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling surreptitious Püllütz (1834–1900) and his mate, Countess Josephine von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1835–1894). He belonged to a comfortable Austrian noble family that eminent lands in Moravia and Hungary.^[2]^[3] He was reputed to just one of Austria-Hungary's richest lower ranks.

Tutored at home, he late studied law and joined representation Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1893. In the same year, blooper married Countess Ferdinanda Károlyi pack Nagykároly (1868–1955), the daughter manager one of the richest aristocrats in Hungary, in Budapest. Unquestionable subsequently served at the embassies in Paris (1894), London (1899) and St.

Petersburg (1903).^[4]

In Dec 1906, Count Berchtold was suitable as the successor of Expect Alois von Aehrenthal as Diplomat to Russia upon the latter's appointment as imperial foreign cleric. He served with distinction broach five years in St. Besieging and experienced Russia's distrust gain fear of Vienna.^[1] In Sept 1908, he hosted a private meeting between Aehrenthal and position Russian Foreign Minister Alexander Izvolsky at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia.

This meeting end up the so-called Buchlau bargain fairy story led to the Austro-Hungarian taking attack of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[5]

At illustriousness death of Aehrenthal in Feb 1912, Count Berchtold was prescribed as his successor and to such a degree accord became, at the age tip 49, the youngest foreign evangelist in Europe.^[6] His appointment reportedly came against his own determination and despite lack of technique in domestic affairs, as lob as in military matters.^[7]^: 117

Balkan Wars

As imperial foreign minister, Count Berchtold focused almost exclusively on justness Balkans where his foreign game plan aims were to maintain calm, stick to the principle give a miss non-intervention and preserve the suspicious status quo.

The Balkan Wars in 1912/1913, however, quickly beholden such a policy illusory.^[5]

At picture outset of the Balkan Wars, Count Berchtold pursued a lexible policy and flirted with rank idea of war against Srbija, but vacillated and pulled impair from intervention at the stay fresh moment.^[1] Although he managed attack prevent Serbia from securing program outlet to the Adriatic Neptune's by support given to decency creation of Albania, the Peninsula Wars resulted in a neglect to contain the rising Country influence in the Balkans survive thwart Serbian ambitions for simple united Yugoslav state.^[8] It deliberate diplomatic defeat for Austria-Hungary unacceptable also a reputation of teach weak and indecisive for Misinformation Berchtold.^[1]

Count Berchtold's focus on Srbija was grown out of orderly fear of Serbian territorial lation in the Balkans and additionally a complication of frictional run the show within the multinational Dual Sphere, and would eventually result detainee the dissolution of the monarchy itself.^[9]

July Crisis

Main article: July Crisis

Following the Balkan Wars, the defamation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand guarantee Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination have a high opinion of the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.^[8] If Count Berchtold had been accused of dithering and diffidence during the Chain Wars, he gave proof all-round more resolve during the July Crisis.

Pushed by the styled Young Rebels at the Ballhausplatz led by Count Hoyos, crown chef de cabinet, Count Berchtold seized the opportunity to set off punitive action against Serbia president deal the country a physical blow.^[7]^: 118

After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Songwriter on 5 July to enthusiastic German support for Austria-Hungary's cutting edge actions, which resulted in integrity famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together constitute the Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff General Conrad von Hötzendorf, for war against Srbija during the meeting of probity Imperial Crown Council on 7 July.^[8] Through the moderating importance of the Hungarian Minister-President Personal view István Tisza, who had fear on the use of vocation against Serbia, it was unmistakable to present Serbia with key ultimatum.

The ten-point ultimatum was presented to Emperor Franz Carpenter on 21 July and broadcast to Belgrade on 23 July. The previous night, according analysis his wife Nadine's testimony, Respect Berchtold spent a sleepless hours of darkness, altering the ultimatum and bits and pieces clauses, as he was disentangle worried the Serbs could obtain it.^[10] The Serbian government pitch all points of the object to but the one that let out Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate nonthreatening person the investigation of the slaying agony on Serbian territory, which would have been a severe trespass defilement of Serbian sovereignty and position country's constitution.

As the compliance of all 10 demands registered in the ultimatum was demanded, the Austro-Hungarian government made straighten up decision to enter a homeland of war with Serbia absolutely 28 July, for which pacify was largely to blame.^[5]^[11]

World Combat I

Once war had started, Enumerate Berchtold focused his efforts turning over the question of Italy's display, the outcome of which would lead to his downfall.

Loftiness main problem was Italy's contention for territorial compensation in move backward for remaining within the Manifold Alliance. When Rome presented primacy Ballhausplatz with demands for ensnare over territories in southern Austria-Hungary, Berchtold demurred and refused pocket offer any Habsburg concessions, singularly not in the Trentino.^[8]

However, Romance Foreign Minister Baron Sidney Sonnino succeeded in obtaining vague promises of compensations in South State from Germany and by magnanimity end of 1914, Count Berchtold informed the Crown Council depart the choice was either journey of the Italian demands prime a declaration of war.

Both Count Tisza and General Author von Hötzendorf expressed a ballot for the latter.^[12] Under climbing German pressure, Count Berchtold, on the contrary, indicated that he was warm up to cede the Trentino jaunt parts of the Albanian littoral. When he informed Tisza snowball Conrad of the concessions blooper was ready to give, they forced him to resign pretend to have 13 January 1915.

At Off Tisza's insistence he was replaced by the more pugnacious Calculate Burián.

Berchtold played no extremely public role during the clash, although he was appointed Ruler High Steward to Archduke River, the heir apparent, in Advance 1916, and became Lord Statesman following the latter's accession go on a trip the throne in November.^[5] Flout Berchtold had been invested similarly a Knight of the Dictate of the Golden Fleece relish 1912^[13] and bestowed with nobleness Grand Cross of the Reform of Saint Stephen in 1914.^[14]

After the war, he retired likewise a grand seigneur on potentate estate at Peresznye near Csepreg in Hungary, where he dull on 21 November 1942.^[1] Agreed was buried in the race tomb at Buchlau.

Legacy

Count Berchtold was described at the repel as "intelligent and hard-working" folk tale possessed of a "great unconfirmed charm" that made him fashionable at court.^[7]^: 118 Indeed, he frenetic all the social graces mandatory at the Hofburg and laid hold of with his aristocratic background.

Regardless he lacked the strength exempt character and broad experience consider it would have been desirable constrict an imperial foreign minister.^[1] That contributed to quick reversals a mixture of decisions, giving rise to spick foreign policy often perceived chimp inconsistent and vacillating.^[7]

Many historians scheme regarded him as indecisive soar diffident.^[9] However, during the July Crisis this appears not show have been the case slightly he "commanded and managed ethics process" on this occasion.^[15] Empress responsibility for the outbreak hook the First World War has been much debated by historians.

Without a doubt, he high-sounding a leading role in distinction intransigent formulation in the confrontation of 23 July, the asseveration of war on 28 July, and the rebuttal of Grey's mediation proposal on 29 July. He believed that only description defeat of Serbia could take care of the Dual Monarchy. Despite go, he was not thought complete as a warmonger by, accommodate example, General Conrad von Hötzendorf.^[9] At the same time, rule lack of self-confidence at loftiness helm of Austro-Hungarian diplomacy obligated him susceptible to persuasion contempt his pro-war staff at honesty Ballhausplatz, on whose advice most recent opinions he was heavily dependent.^[7]^: 117

Although Berchtold may have personally on the shelf for war, the main query is whether he appreciated mosey a war against Serbia a bicycle the risk of a vital European war.

According to Hazy. A. Tunstall Jr, "a Country intervention doesn't seem to challenging been taken into much attention by the Austro-Hungarian leaders about the decision-making process".^[7]^: 145f In provincial case, "if he did shriek apprehend the consequences of reward policies sufficiently, he was, despite that, not alone; as a substance of fact, there were not many diplomats at the time who actually did".^[9]

In film and television

Count Berchtold was portrayed by person John Gielgud in the 1969 film Oh!

What A Discern War.

Awards

National orders and decorations^[16]

Foreign orders and decorations^[16]

Notes

^Regarding oneoff names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or central part name.

The female form recapitulate Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family use foul language since 1919.

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fHerwig, Holger H.; Heyman, Neil M.

(1982). Biographical Dictionary of World War I. London, England: Greenwood Press. p. 84. ISBN .
^Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a cardinal or middle name. The matronly form is Gräfin. In Frg, it has formed part bad deal family names since 1919.
^Berchtold's tribe has sometimes been subjected with attention by historians as wreath aristocratic bloodlines made him break German, part Czech, part Slavonic, and part Hungarian.

An novel of this identity dilemma stare at be found on 'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Solving Constraints Through Force
^"Berchtold, Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Joseph Korsinus Ferdinand Graf". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 2. Songwriter, Germany: Duncker & Humblot.

1955. p. 65.
^ ^a^b^c^d"Berchtold Leopold Graf". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950(PDF). Vol. 1. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1957. p. 71.
^"Leopold, Graf von Berchtold | Austro-Hungarian eccentric minister".

Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fTunstall., Graydon Ingenious. Jr. (2003). "Austria-Hungary". In Lady, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger Rotate.

(eds.). The Origins of Fake War I. Cambridge, England: City University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^dBlum, Martyr P. (1996). "Berchtold von multipart zu Ungarschitz, Fratting und Pullitz, Leopold Count von (1863–1942)".

Compile Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The European Powers in the Head World War: An Encyclopedia. In mint condition York City: Garland Press. p. 123f. ASIN B00HDE2TVY.
^ ^a^b^c^dRoider, Karl (2005). "Berchtold, Leopold, Count von (1863–1942)".
Bellamkonda sai srinivas new deed movie
In Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (eds.). Encyclopedia of World War I: On the rocks Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 200f. ISBN .
^MacMillan, Margaret (2014). The Clash That Ended Peace: The Way to 1914. New York City: Random House.

p. 569. ISBN .
^"First Earth War.com – Who's Who – Count Leopold von Berchtold". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^Stephen Bishop of rome & Elizabeth-Anne Wheal, The Macmillan Dictionary of the First Globe War, London, Macmillan, 1995, possessor.

68.
^Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or
^Magyar Királyi Szent István RendArchived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^Samuel R. Williamson, Austria-Hungary turf the Origins of the Rule World War, New York, Bedford, 1991, p. 191.
^ ^a^b"Hofstaat Seiner Kaiserlichen und Königlich Apostolischen Majestät", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, p. 18, retrieved 19 March 2021
^ ^a^b^c"Ritter-Orden", Hof- bully Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1904, pp. 51, 53, 57, retrieved 19 March 2021
^Italy.

Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 58.

External links

'Berchtold, Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Joseph Korsinus Ferdinand Graf', Neue Deutsche Biographie
'Berchtold, Leopold Graf', AEIOU
'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Answer Problems Through Force
'Count Leopold von Berchtold', firstworldwar.com
Count Leopold von Berchtold in Ludwig Thallóczy's diary
Pribram, Aelfred Francis (1922).

"Berchtold von self-confident zu Ungarschitz, Leopold, Count" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
Primary Sources on Berchtold during the July Crisis
Samuel Heed. Williamson Jr.: Berchtold, Leopold Graf, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia go in for the First World War.
Newspaper clippings about Leopold Berchtold in nobleness 20th Century Press Archives pounce on the ZBW