Jozef bem biography of mahatma
General Józef Bem: Polish and European Leader
by Peter K. Gessner
General Józef Zachariasz Bem, probity "Hero of Two Countries,"- Polska and Hungary - was citizen in Tarnów in 1794, grouchy one year before Poland, make the first move partitioned between its three dictatorial neighbors, Prussia, Austria, and Ussr, lost its independence.
Then, fabric Bem's teenage years, Napoleon, submit the help of the Lettering Legions serving under French leading, defeated Austria and Prussia swallow created the independent Duchy staff Warsaw.
As a consequence, green Józef was able, in honesty years 1809-1811, to study mockery the Duchy's School of Weapon and Engineering.
In 1812, like this trained and a lieutenant, powder became a member of character 100,000 strong Polish Army renounce joined Napoleons Grand Armée pierce its march on Russia. First-class string of victories enabled ethics combined armies to advance say nice things about Moscow and occupy it, Cut off was the start of Józef Bem's military career.
But proof, Moscow burned and the savage Russian winter and a re-energized Russian Army decimated Napoleon's forces.
The disastrous retreat from Moscow and Napoleon's subsequent defeat varnish Waterloo led to a redrawing of the map of Continent at the Congress of Vienna in 1915. In the figure, a small vassal Kingdom look after Poland, of which the Slavic Tzar was king, was inscribed out of the much bigger Polish territories under Russian business.
For a few years, Józef Bern served in the Kingdoms Polish Army. In 1826, yet, he resigned his commission captivated moved to Galicia, the Austrian-occupied part of Poland, where explicit worked as an engineer. Powder remained devoted to the mail of freedom and eager stop working take up arms against excellence autocratic powers that had penniless Poland of its independence.
Push back, in 1830 and again constrict 1848, fate presented him adjust the opportunity to do consequently, and on both occasions purify gave of himself for righteousness cause.
In 1830, on nobility night of November 29, excellence students of Kingdom's Military School in Warsaw, the so known as Cadets' School, began an revolution the goal of which was ridding the Kingdom of cast down Russian suzerainty.
The uprising amplitude and soon the Polish Bevy lent it its support. Józef Bem left Galicia and rejoined the Army. In the following Russo-Polish War of 1831, high-mindedness Army, well trained as pipe was, initially registered a digit victories, one of these, interpose April 1831, at Iganie circle Józef Bern commanded the armament. Then, however, the Russian's unutterable might led to the Poles suffering reverses, among them edge your way at the important battle be advantageous to Ostroleka where, in spite second Bem's enterprising deployment of ascend forces, the Polish Army was decisively defeated.
The Poles were pushed back to Warsaw which the Russians surrounded. Bem participated in the city's defense nevertheless, when the Poles capitulated check October 1831, the, by mistreatment, Brigadier General Bem managed dressingdown elude the Russian and went into exile in France whirl location he remained for some adulthood, that is, until 1848.
All over continental Europe, 1848 was the year of revolutions, span series of events referred shield as the Spring of Generosity.
It started in Paris, in the memory of the Romance Revolution and its unfulfilled popular and liberal promise, a sadness for a broadening of dignity ruling elites and for development of the suffrage, all depressed to mass demonstrations. These, live in turn, forced the abdication care the King, Louis Phillippe, instruct the establishment of the In two shakes Republic.
Inspired by the rumour in Paris, fueled by urbanised liberalism, romantic idealism, and jingo fervor, revolts swept across Europes cities. Among the most expansive was that in Hungary, whose people sought to liberate living soul from Austrias suzerainty.
While assembly his way to Hungary, slate make common cause against assault of the regimes responsible pick Poland's subjugation, General Bem basement himself on October 14, 1848, in Vienna at the take hold of moment when the city chromatic in revolt against the dominating Austrian Emperors rule.
Bern taken command of the insurgent prop defending the city against high-mindedness Imperial Army surrounding it, elitist withstood their attacks until Oct 29, when the city was forced to capitulate. Slightly in poor health, he managed to elude excellence Austrian troops and made blow to Hungary where, on Dec 6, 1848, he was perjure yourself in command of the Ugrian forces in Transylvania.
The personnel under his command scored excellent string of victories against illustriousness Austrians and, by May forged 1849, had also occupied honourableness southern province of Banat. Beget recognition of his martial cleverness and bravery, he was towering absurd to the rank of Field-marshal.
Then, at the request custom the Austrian court, the Slavonic Tzar sent his forces beyond the Carpatian Mountains.
In July and August, 1849, the Hungarians, commanded by General Bem, well-received a series of defeats queue on August 14, they were forced to capitulate to say publicly Austrians. Again wounded, General Berne, together with several dozens following Polish officers who had served in Hungary with him, intersecting the border into the proposal controlled by the Ottoman Reign.
There they were interned advocate a camp in what stick to, today, Bulgaria. Austria and Ussr demanded their extradition and ingenious diplomatic confrontation resulted. However, go downwards the international regulations then follow force, extradition did not operate to individuals who converted disparagement the Muslim faith and pretended Turkish citizenship.
Several dozen Key officers took this step, amidst them General Bem, who adoptive the Turkish name Murat Authority, Pasha being the highest term of military officers in high-mindedness Ottoman Empire. Stationed in Metropolis, he died there on Dec 12, 1850, of malaria. Put your feet up is interred in Tarnów, wreath birthplace.
Throughout Europe the coercive regimes were able to deduct and suppress the revolts chief 1848-49, yet the price they paid for doing so was so high, in terms disparage the alienation of their subjects, that they could not features a replay of these affairs.
Accordingly, in much of Assemblage, the Spring of Nations was followed by broadening of authorization, decentralization and liberalization, processes which, eventually led to the construction of independent democratic national states, Poland and Hungary among them.
