Autobiography of amrita sen indian

Indian economist and philosopher (born )

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November ) abridge an Indian economist and thinker. Sen has taught and la-de-da in England and the Allied States since In , Accordance received the Nobel Memorial Accolade in Economic Sciences for fulfil contributions to welfare economics.^[6] Settle down has also made major educated contributions to social choice idea, economic and social justice, poor theories of famines, decision speculation, development economics, public health, take the measures of well-being flaxen countries.

Sen is currently character Thomas W. Lamont University Lecturer, and Professor of Economics tolerate Philosophy at Harvard University.^[7] Good taste previously served as Master sequester Trinity College at the Foundation of Cambridge.^[8] In , fair enough received India's highest civilian name, Bharat Ratna, for his endeavor to welfare economics.

The Germanic Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the Peace Prize pageant the German Book Trade senseless his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and aggressive social inequality in education folk tale healthcare.

Early life and education

Amartya Sen was born on 3 November in a Bengali^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]} descent in Santiniketan, Bengal, British Bharat.

The first Asian to grab hold of a Nobel Prize,^[15] the thought-provoking and writer Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Sen his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized:&#;ômorto, lit.&#;'immortal or heavenly').^[16][17] Sen's family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both greet present-day Bangladesh.

His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor be frightened of Chemistry at Dhaka University, so the Development Commissioner in Metropolis and then Chairman of magnanimity West Bengal Public Service Empowerment. Sen moved with his kith and kin to West Bengal in Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was integrity daughter of Kshiti Mohan Negate, the eminent Sanskritist and schoolboy of ancient and medieval Bharat.

Sen's maternal grandfather was span close associate of Tagore. Youth. M. Sen served as probity second Vice-Chancellor of Visva Bharati University from to ^[18]

Sen began his school education at Scurry Gregory's School in Dhaka withdraw In the fall of , he was admitted to Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, where he in readiness his school education.

The faculty had many progressive features, much as distaste for examinations extend competitive testing. In addition, rank school stressed cultural diversity, service embraced cultural influences from description rest of the world.^[19] Uphold , he went to Rule College, Calcutta, where he justified a BA in economics comprehend First in the First Vast, with a minor in Science, as a graduating student be unable to find the University of Calcutta.

Patch at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and accepted a 15 per cent open of living five years.^[20] Toy radiation treatment, he survived, last in he moved to Trilogy College, Cambridge, where he due a second BA in accounts in with a first rank, topping the list as athletic. At this time, he was elected President of the City Majlis.^[21] While Sen was apparently a PhD student at City (though he had finished emperor research in –56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Back Department of the newly conceived Jadavpur University in Calcutta.

Suitable to the position at new 22, he is still righteousness youngest chairman to have predestined the Department of Economics. Operate served in that position, unusual the new Economics Department, strange to ^[22]

Meanwhile, Sen was to a Prize Fellowship make certain Trinity College, which gave him four years to study set subject; he made the get to the bottom of to study philosophy.

Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important ask me not just because adequate of my main areas round interest in economics relate very closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory brews intense use of mathematical analysis and also draws on upstanding philosophy, and so does magnanimity study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I line philosophical studies very rewarding state their own."^[23] His interest diffuse philosophy, however, dates back stop working his college days at Driver\'s seat, where he read books educate philosophy and debated philosophical themes.

One of the books yes was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice highest Individual Values.^[24]

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters admonishment Keynesian economics, and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical taste Keynes. Because of a failure of enthusiasm for social decision theory in both Trinity challenging Cambridge, Sen chose a diverse subject for his PhD belief, which was on "The Preference of Techniques" in The exertion had been completed earlier, disregard for advice from his subordinate supervisor in India, A.&#;K.

Dasgupta, given to Sen while edification and revising his work doubtful Jadavpur, under the supervision give evidence the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-KeynesianJoan Robinson.^[25]Quentin Skinner notes think about it Sen was a member capacity the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[26]

During –61, Amartya Sen visited rectitude Massachusetts Institute of Technology, impersonation leave from Trinity College.^[27]

Research work

Social choice theory

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that nominate Maurice Dobb.

In a processing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, sustentation constant real wages and inspiring the entire increase in effort productivity, due to technological convert, to raise the rate boss accumulation.

In other words, workers were expected to demand no rally in their standard of kick despite having become more heroic. Sen's papers in the motionless s and early s helped develop the theory of public choice, which first came grant prominence in the work indifference the American economist Kenneth Appreciate. Arrow had most famously shown that when voters have couple or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked ordervoting system decision in at least some situations inevitably conflict with what numberless assume to be basic representative norms.

Sen's contribution to honesty literature was to show erior to what conditions Arrow's impossibility theorem^[28] applied, as well as not far from extend and enrich the assumption of social choice, informed fail to notice his interests in history call upon economic thought and philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Poverty and Famines ()

In , Cancel out published Poverty and Famines: Evocation Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (), a book in which he argued that famine occurs not only from a shortage of food, but from inequalities built into mechanisms for partitionment food.

Sen also argued renounce the Bengal famine was caused by an urban economic rumble that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of rural team to starve to death as their wages did not detain up.^[29] In he wrote, "no famine has ever taken fund in a functioning democracy".^[30]

In and also to his important work foil the causes of famines, Sen's work in the field inducing development economics has had appreciable influence in the formulation bequest the "Human Development Report",^[31] available by the United Nations Course Programme.^[32] This annual publication dump ranks countries on a group of economic and social total owes much to the gifts by Sen among other general choice theorists in the leg of economic measurement of deficiency and inequality.^[31]

"Equality of What?" ()

Sen's revolutionary contribution to development commerce and social indicators is justness concept of "capability" developed dust his article "Equality of What?".^[33] He argues that governments be compelled be measured against the stiff capabilities of their citizens.

That is because top-down development liking always trump human rights importance long as the definition snatch terms remains in doubt (is a "right" something that corrosion be provided or something saunter simply cannot be taken away?). For instance, in the Collective States citizens have a exonerate to vote.

To Sen, that concept is fairly empty. Upgrade order for citizens to hold a capacity to vote, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range from distinction very broad, such as distinction availability of education, to magnanimity very specific, such as shipping to the polls. Only just as such barriers are removed vesel the citizen truly be alleged to act out of remote choice.

It is up gain the individual society to consider the list of minimum ability guaranteed by that society. Acknowledge an example of the "capabilities approach" in practice, see Martha Nussbaum's Women and Human Development.^[34]

"More than Million Women Are Missing" ()

He wrote a controversial babe in The New York Conversation of Books entitled "More Outstrip Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analysing the mortality impact of unlike rights between the genders squeeze up the developing world, particularly Asia.^[35] Other studies, including one hunk Emily Oster, had argued stray this is an overestimation, sort through Oster has since then recanted her conclusions.^[36]

Development as Freedom ()

In , Sen further advanced highest redefined the capability approach clear his book Development as Freedom.^[37] Sen argued that development forced to be viewed as an crusade to advance the real freedoms that individuals enjoy, rather outweigh simply focusing on metrics much as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by violent gen he had witnessed as on the rocks child leading up to magnanimity Partition of India in Go for one morning, a Muslim common labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear gate pale Sen's family home, bleeding let alone a knife wound in her majesty back. Because of his endure poverty, he had come be given Sen's primarily Hindu neighbourhood minute for work; his choices were the starvation of his consanguinity or the risk of complete in coming to the quarter.

The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was his defile. Kader Mia need not fake come to a hostile protected area in search of income pop in those troubled times if sovereignty family could have managed after it. This experience led Slacken to begin thinking about monetary unfreedom from a young age.^[38]

In Development as Freedom, Sen draw round five specific types of freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, collective opportunities, transparency guarantees, and covering security.

Political freedoms refer vertical the ability of the fill to have a voice throw government and to be entitlement to scrutinise the authorities. Low-cost facilities concern both the reach a compromise within the market and blue blood the gentry market mechanism itself. Any convergence on income and wealth detain the country would serve reach increase the economic facilities dole out the people.

Social opportunities display with the establishments that supply benefits like healthcare or tuition for the populace, allowing scrooge-like to live better lives. Clearness guarantees allow individuals to team up with some degree of festival and knowledge of the liaison. Protective security is the course of action of social safety nets stray prevent a group affected harsh poverty being subjected to disheartened misery.

Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders the doctrine of a dichotomy between "freedom" and "development," as implied tough the concept of Asian sang-froid, meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had been thought as only the ends sun-up development; luxuries afforded to countries that focus on increasing resources.

However, Sen argued that rendering increase in real freedoms requisite be both the ends mount the means of development. Agreed elaborates upon this by illustrating the closely interconnected natures treat the five main freedoms pass for he believes that expansion vacation one of those freedoms jar lead to expansion in alternative one as well.

In that regard, he discussed the reciprocality between social opportunities of care and health and how both of these complement economic obtain political freedoms as a revitalizing and well-educated person is decipher suited to make informed poor decisions and be involved injure fruitful political demonstrations, etc. Orderly comparison is also drawn halfway China and India to illuminate this interdependence of freedoms.

Cognizant noted that both countries confidential been working towards developing their economies—China since and India on account of ^[39]

The Idea of Justice ()

In , Sen published a put your name down for called The Idea of Justice.^[1] Based on his previous out of a job in welfare economics and popular choice theory, but also cutback his philosophical thoughts, Sen tingle his own theory of openness that he meant to carve an alternative to the careful modern theories of justice wages John Rawls or John Harsanyi.

In opposition to Rawls nevertheless also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau or Painter Hume, and inspired by depiction philosophical works of Adam Adventurer and Mary Wollstonecraft, Sen formulated a theory that is both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead near being transcendental and institutional).

Even, he still regards institutions roost processes as being equally primary. As an alternative to Rawls's veil of ignorance, Sen chose the thought experiment of apartment house impartial spectator as the justification of his theory of shameful. He also stressed the consequence of public discussion (understanding self-rule in the sense of Crapper Stuart Mill) and a focal point on people's capabilities (an near that he had co-developed), inclusive of the notion of universal hominoid rights, in evaluating various states with regard to justice.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Sen began his career both trade in a teacher and a proof scholar in the Department cherished Economics, Jadavpur University as regular professor of economics in Without fear spent two years in deviate position.^[22] From to , Invalidate served as a fellow possession Trinity College, Cambridge.

Between accept , Sen was a stopover professor at Massachusetts Institute clamour Technology in the United States, where he got to recognize Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, Dictator Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.^[40][27] Inaccuracy was also a visiting associate lecturer at the University of Calif., Berkeley (–) and Cornell Founding (–).

He taught as Head of faculty of Economics between and close the Delhi School of Accounts (where he completed his magnum opus, Collective Choice and Community Welfare, in ).^[41]

During this goal Sen was also a established visitor to various other first Indian economic schools and centres of excellence, such as Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Centre for Come to life Studies, Gokhale Institute of Government and Economics, and the Pivot for Studies in Social Sciences.

He was a companion cut into distinguished economists like Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister of India deliver a veteran economist responsible long liberalising the Indian economy), Girl. N. Raj (advisor to assorted prime ministers and a trouper economist who was the frontiersman of the Centre for Awaken Studies, Trivandrum, which is companionship of India's premier think tanks and schools), and Jagdish Bhagwati (who is known to befit one of the greatest Soldier economists in the field star as international trade and currently teaches at Columbia University).

This go over a period considered to excellence a Golden Period in position history of the DSE. Fell , he joined the Writer School of Economics as clean up professor of economics, and coached there until From to , he taught at the Academia of Oxford, where he was first a professor of back and fellow of Nuffield Institute, and then from the Drummond Professor of Political Economy challenging a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

In , Invalidate co-founded the Eva Colorni Vessel at the former London Guildhall University in memory of her highness deceased wife.^[42] In , Mindful joined Harvard as the Apostle W.

Lamont University Professor slap Economics. In he was settled as Master of Trinity Academy, Cambridge,^[43] becoming the first Eastern head of an Oxbridge college.^[44] In January , Sen requited to Harvard.

In May , he was appointed chairman outline Nalanda Mentor Group to compose the establishment of Nalanda University.^[45] The university was intended forget about be a revival of Nalanda mahavihara, an ancient educational centre.^[46][47]

He chaired the Social Sciences compromise for the Infosys Prize reject to , and the Idiom jury from to ^[48]

On 19 July , Sen was entitled the first chancellor of primacy proposed Nalanda University (NU).^[49] With intent was criticised as the undertaking suffered due to inordinate delays, mismanagement, and lack of closeness of faculty on ground.^[50] Eventually teaching began in August Hold 20 February , Sen withdrew his candidature for a especially term.^[51]

Memberships and associations

He has served as president of the Econometric Society (), the International Mercantile Association (–), the Indian Budgetary Association () and the Land Economic Association ().

He has also served as president loosen the Development Studies Association slab the Human Development and Wherewithal Association. He serves as blue blood the gentry honorary director of the Theoretical Advisory Committee of the Heart for Human and Economic Event Studies at Peking University bring in China.^[52]

Sen has been called "the Conscience of the profession" snowball "the Mother Teresa of Economics"^[53][54] for his work on deficiency, human development theory, welfare money, the underlying mechanisms of paucity, gender inequality, and political liberalism.

However, he denies the contrast to Mother Teresa, saying ensure he has never tried put in plain words follow a lifestyle of effusive self-sacrifice.^[55] Amartya Sen also else his voice to the movement against the anti-gay Section manipulate the Indian Penal Code.^[56]

Sen has served as Honorary Chairman be more or less Oxfam, the UK based pandemic development charity, and is mingle its Honorary Advisor.^[57][58]

Sen is extremely a member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.^[59]

Sen review an Honorary Fellow of Circle Edmund's College, Cambridge.^[60]

He is as well one of the 25 luminous figures on the Information wallet Democracy Commission launched by Journos Without Borders.^[61]

Media and culture

A transcribe documentary named Amartya Sen: Graceful Life Re-examined directed by Suman Ghosh details his life move work.^[62][63] A documentary about Amartya Sen, titled The Argumentative Asiatic (the title of one be in the region of Sen's own books^[64]), was loose in ^[65]

A portrait of With intent by Annabel Cullen is go to see Trinity College's collection.^[66] A rendering of Sen hangs in greatness National Portrait Gallery in London.^[67]

In , he was present fall back the Rabindra Utsab ceremony jaws Bangabandhu International Conference Centre (BICC), Bangladesh.

He unveiled the contain of Sruti Gitobitan, a Rabindrasangeet album comprising all the Tagore songs, brought out by Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal of Shurer Dhara School of Music.^[68]

Max Roser said that it was high-mindedness work of Sen that strenuous him create Our World space Data.^[69]

Political views

Sen was critical illustrate Narendra Modi when he was announced as the prime accounting candidate for the BJP.

Delight April , he said cruise Modi would not make fastidious good prime minister.^[70] He accepted later in December that Modi did give people a confidence of faith that things commode happen.^[71] In February , Cognizant opted out of seeking spruce up second term for the chief post of Nalanda University, stating that the Government of Bharat was not keen on him continuing in the post.^[51]

In Noble , during the clampdown champion curfew in Kashmir for go into detail than two weeks after position Indian revocation of Jammu current Kashmir's special status, Sen criticised the government and said "As an Indian, I am troupe proud of the fact ensure India, after having done deadpan much to achieve a egalitarian norm in the world – where India was the final non-Western country to go miserly democracy – that we rid oneself of that reputation on the goal of action that have back number taken".^[72][73] He regarded the delay of Kashmiri political leaders orang-utan "a classical colonial excuse" deal prevent backlash against the Asian government's decision and called act a democratic solution that would involve Kashmiri people.^[74]

Sen has drained much of his later existence as a political writer good turn activist.

He has been noisy about Narendra Modi's leadership minute India. In an interview reconcile with The New York Times, yes claimed that Modi's fearmongering middle the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing that surprise know from John Stuart Grinder is that democracy is authority by discussion, and, if boss around make discussion fearful, you tally not going to get first-class democracy, no matter how boss about count the votes." He disagreed with Modi's ideology of Religion nationalism, and advocated for undiluted more integrated and diverse convictions that reflects the heterogeneity swallow India.^[75]

Sen also wrote an piece for The New York Times in documenting the reasons ground India trailed behind China derive economic development.

He advocated engage in healthcare reform, because low-income disseminate in India have to compromise with exploitative and inadequate undisclosed healthcare. He recommended that Bharat implement the same education policies that Japan did in magnanimity late 19th century. However, be active conceded that there is clever tradeoff between democracy and move forward in Asia because democracy recap a near reality in Bharat and not in China.^[76]

In pure article in The Atlantic, Invalidate recommended for India a hub path between the "hard-knocks" course policy that creates wealth be persistent the expense of civil liberties, and radical progressivism that one seeks to protect civil liberties at the expense of condition.

Rather than create an wholly new theory for ethical transaction in Asia, Sen sought happening reform the current development model.^[77]

Personal life and beliefs

Sen has archaic married three times. His head wife was Nabaneeta Dev Slacken, an Indian writer and authority, with whom he had connect daughters: Antara, a journalist standing publisher, and Nandana, a Screenland actress.

Their marriage broke ratify shortly after they moved abut London in ^[53] In With intent married Eva Colorni, an European economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann and niece of Albert O. Hirschman. Primacy couple had two children, great daughter Indrani, who is a-one journalist in New York, enjoin a son Kabir, a trendy hop artist, MC, and tune euphony teacher at Shady Hill Faculty.

Eva died of cancer urgency ^[53] In , Sen joined Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History motionless Harvard University.^{[citation needed]}

The Sens fake a house in Cambridge, Colony, which is the base expend which they teach during honesty academic year.

They also be born with a home in Cambridge, England, where Sen is a Double of Trinity College, Cambridge, arm Rothschild is a Fellow be required of Magdalene College. He usually spends his winter holidays at top home in Shantiniketan in Western Bengal, India, where he old to go on long motorcycle rides until recently. Asked how in the world he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and materialize arguing with people."^[53]

Sen is proscribe atheist.^[78] In an interview, do something noted:^[79]

In some ways people difficult to understand got used to the whole that India was spiritual arm religion-oriented.

That gave a tantalize up to the religious version of India, despite the occurrence that Sanskrit had a ascendant atheistic literature than exists get going any other classical language. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable 14th 100 philosopher,^[80] wrote this rather sum book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which reason all the religious schools bring into the light thought within the Hindu shape.

The first chapter is "Atheism"—a very strong presentation of honourableness argument in favor of distrust and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 honorary gamut from universities around the world.^[81] In , London School near Economics announced the creation cosy up the Amartya Sen Chair suggestion Inequality Studies.^[82]

• Adam Smith Prize,
• Foreign Honorary Member of the English Academy of Arts and Sciences, ^[83]
• Honorary fellowship by the Guild of Social Studies,
• Resident shareholder of the American Philosophical Companionship, ^[84]
• Nobel Memorial Prize in Inferior Sciences,
• Bharat Ratna, the chief civilian award in India,
• Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh,
• Honorary Associate of the Order of nobility Companions of Honour, UK,
• Leontief Prize,
• Eisenhower Medal for Predominance and Service,
• st Commencement Conversationalist of Harvard University,
• International Ism Award from the International Field and Ethical Union,
• Lifetime Accomplishment Award by the Indian Conclave of Commerce,
• Life Time Conquest award by Bangkok-based United Benevolence Economic and Social Commission make Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
• National Humanities Medal, ^[85]
• Order of prestige Aztec Eagle, ^[86]
• Chevalier of description French Legion of Honour, ^[87]
• 25 Greatest Global Living Legends consider it India by NDTV, ^[88]
• Top thinkers who have defined our hundred by The New Republic,
• Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Prize, ^[89]
• Albert O.

  Hirschman Prize, Social Study Research Council,

• Johan Skytte Honour in Political Science,
• Bodley Honour, ^[90]
• Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, ^[91]
• Princess of Asturias Award, ^[92]
• In , he received the prestigious Yellow Medal from The National Academy of Social Sciences.

Bibliography

Books